Chemistry: How to Make Matches

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How to Make Matches Aug 27th 2011, 11:31 Really this should be entitled "why you don't want to make your own matches". There are a couple of recipes for matches, pretty much using chemicals the average person doesn't want to store, use, or dispose. You can mix antimony sulfide (poisonous) and potassium chlorate, with a little cornstarch as a fuel and gum to hold it together. Alternatively, you can use sesquisulfide of phosphorus instead of an antimony compound. White and red elemental phosphorus also work, but they are extremely toxic. Friction matches on a stick are familiar to most people, though if you coat paper with the mixture, you can fold the paper and draw a fine splint of wood across the coating. Tell me more...

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Chemistry: Most Popular Articles: Chemical & Physical Changes

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Chemical & Physical Changes Aug 27th 2011, 10:17 Chemical and physical changes are related to chemical and physical properties. Chemical Changes Chemical changes take place on the molecular level. A chemical change produces a new substance. Examples of chemical changes include combustion (burning), cooking an egg, rusting of an iron pan, and mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide to make salt and water. Physical Changes Physical changes are concerned with energy and states of matter. A physical change does not produce a new substance. Changes in state or phase (melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation) are physical changes. Examples of physical changes include crushing a can, melting an ice cube, and breaking a bottle. How to Tell Chemical & Physical Changes Apart A chemical change makes a substance that wasn't there before. There may be clues that a chemical reaction took place, such as light, heat, color change, gas production, odor, or sound. The starting and ending materials of a physical change are the same, even though they may look different. More Examples of Chemical and Physical Changes Stay up to date on the latest chemistry news, learn chemistry, and get instructions for chemistry projects. Sign up for our free newsletter today!

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Chemistry: What's Hot Now: Element Symbol Quiz - Element Symbols for the First 20 Elements

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Element Symbol Quiz - Element Symbols for the First 20 Elements Aug 27th 2011, 10:01 Element Symbol Quiz The First 20 Chemical Elements This multiple-choice quiz will test whether you know the names for the first 20 elements when you are given the element symbol. You may wish to review the element symbols before you begin. Are you ready? Start this quiz again or test your knowledge of element symbols given the element name. More Chemistry Quizzes Element Picture Quiz Atom Basics Quiz Hazard Symbol Quiz Rock & Mineral Chemistry Quiz Which Mad Scientist Are You? Which Element Are You?

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Chemistry: What's Hot Now: How to Use a Periodic Table

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How to Use a Periodic Table Aug 27th 2011, 10:01 The periodic table of the elements contains a wide variety of information such as element symbols, atomic number and atomic mass is most common, but the periodic table can contain even more data than previously expected. This will show you how to use a periodic table to gather information about the elements. The periodic table contains informative cells for each element arranged by increasing atomic number and chemical properties. Each element's cell typically contains: The element's symbol. Symbols are the abbreviations of the element's name. In some cases, the abbreviation comes from the element's Latin name. The element's atomic number. This number is the number of protons an atom of this element contains. The number of protons is the deciding factor when distinguishing one element from another. The element's atomic mass in atomic mass units. This number is a weighted average mass of the element's isotopes. The element's name. Many periodic tables will include the name to help those who may not remember all the symbols for elements. The horizontal rows are called periods. Each period indicates the highest energy level the electrons of that element occupies at its ground state. The vertical columns are called groups. Each element in a group has the same number of valence electrons and typically behave in a similar manner when bonding with other elements. The bottom two rows, the lanthanides and actinides all belong to the 3B group and are listed separately. Many periodic tables identify element types using different colors for different element types. These include the alkali metals, alkaline earths, basic metals, semimetals, transition metals, nonmetals, lanthanides, actinides, halogens and noble gases. A good periodic table is a great tool for solving chemistry problems. You can use an online periodic table or print your own.

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Chemistry: This Day in Science History - August 27 - Osamu Shimomura

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This Day in Science History - August 27 - Osamu Shimomura Aug 26th 2011, 22:05 August 27th is Osamu Shimomura's birthday. Shimomura is a Japanese organic chemist who shares the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with with Roger Tsien and Martin Chalfie for their discovery of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). This protein glows green under fluorescent light and is used widely as a bioindicator in the studies of gene transfers and gene transcriptions. The GFP gene can be attached to the gene or protein that is being investigated so any future proteins made will have a GFP attached to it. When a fluorescent light shines on the sample, the distinctive green glow will show where all the modified proteins are located. Shimomura was the first to isolate GFP and identified which part produced the fluorescence. Happy Birthday Shimomura! Find out what else occurred on this day in science history. Follow Chemistry on Facebook or Twitter.

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Chemistry: 2011 Periodic Table

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2011 Periodic Table Aug 26th 2011, 11:58 The trusty periodic table of the elements has received its 2011 makeover, complete with updated atomic weights as per the IUPAC current standards, freshened "rainbow" look and improved compatibility between every browser we could find to test. I hope you enjoy the new appearance and functionality. If you have any browser issues, please post a reply. Also, suggestions for additional improvements are welcome... View the periodic table

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Chemistry: Who's on First, Chemistry Style

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Who's on First, Chemistry Style Aug 26th 2011, 10:48 Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal offers a chemistry play on the classic Abbott and Costello "Who's on First" sketch with the straight man played by a chemist, complete with bow tie... Read the comic

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Chemistry: 10th Grade Science Fair Projects

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10th Grade Science Fair Projects Aug 26th 2011, 09:14 Some people think it gets easier to come up with science fair project ideas as you get older, but when you're in high school you have a lot on your mind, plus the expectations for a quality science fair project are higher. I asked my oldest son, who will be in 10th grade this year, what he thought would be good ideas for science fair projects. He drew a blank and I'm guessing most 10th grade students are in the same boat. Not to fear! I've drawn up a list of 10th grade science fair project ideas. If you have ideas for other science projects appropriate for the high school level, please feel free to post a reply.

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Chemistry: What's Hot Now: Iron Facts Quiz - Multiple Choice Quiz about the Element Iron

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Iron Facts Quiz - Multiple Choice Quiz about the Element Iron Aug 26th 2011, 10:02 Iron Facts Quiz Multiple Choice Quiz about the Element Iron How much do you know about the element helium? Here's a ten question quiz you can take to test your knowledge of helium facts. Before starting, you may wish to review some Iron Facts or 10 Quick Iron Facts. Start this quiz again. More Chemistry Quizzes Carbon Facts Quiz Element Word Search Element Word Search Element Atomic Number Quiz First 20 Element Symbols Quiz Which Element Are You?

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Chemistry: What's Hot Now: Lanthanides

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Lanthanides Aug 26th 2011, 10:02 Here's a list of elements that are lanthanides, a subset of the rare earth group of elements. Lanthanum (sometimes considered a transition metal) Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

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Chemistry: What's Hot Now: Hess's Law Definition

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Hess's Law Definition Aug 26th 2011, 10:02 Definition: Law which states that the energy change in an overall chemical reaction is equal to the sum of the energy changes in the individual reactions comprising it. Return to the Chemistry Glossary Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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Chemistry: This Day in Science History - August 26 - Antoine Lavoisier

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This Day in Science History - August 26 - Antoine Lavoisier Aug 25th 2011, 22:05 August 26th is Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier's birthday. Lavoisier is sometimes referred to as the Father of Modern Chemistry. He was one of the driving forces in science that took chemistry out of the hands of alchemists and into scientific research and discipline. He introduced the Metric System as a standard of measurements. Lavoisier was also involved in politics. One of his roles in France was a tax collector. He also took a stand to defend foreign born scientists from a mandate to forfeit their freedom and possessions. Both of these were not looked kindly upon by the new post-Revolution government and he was branded a traitor. He was tried, convicted and guillotined all on the same day. Citing Lavoisier's contribution to French science, clemency was asked for, but the judge responded, "The Republic needs neither scientists nor chemists; the course of justice can not be delayed." He was later exonerated of the charge and honored for his achievements. Find out what else occurred on this day in science history. Follow Chemistry on Facebook or Twitter. Follow Chemistry on Facebook or Twitter.

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Chemistry: Units of Measurement Quiz

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Units of Measurement Quiz Aug 25th 2011, 08:25 If you are familiar with scientific units then this quiz shouldn't be difficult. The trick will be answering all of the questions correctly rather than just most of them. I usually manage to confuse myself with the electrical units. Are you up for the challenge? Here you go...

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Chemistry: What's Hot Now: Lightning Photograph

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Lightning Photograph Aug 25th 2011, 10:02 Lightning Photograph Charles Allison, Oklahoma Lightning This image was obtained from a NOAA website, but I recommend contacting the owner, Charles Allison, Oklahoma Lightning, before using this photo, particularly for commercial purposes. 13 of 162 Gallery Index: Science Pictures More Science Image Galleries Chemical StructuresElement PhotographsLab Safety Signs See More About: lightning electricity science pictures lightning photos static electricity Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. Chemistry Guide Sign up for My Newsletter

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Chemistry: This Day in Science History - August 25 - Herschell, Big Telescopes and Moon Creatures

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This Day in Science History - August 25 - Herschell, Big Telescopes and Moon Creatures Aug 24th 2011, 22:05 August 25th marks the passing of the English astronomer, Frederick William Herschel. He was one of the foremost English astronomers of the time. He constructed nearly 400 different telescopes, including the "Great Forty-Foot" reflecting telescope. It was the largest telescope in the world for 50 years. It had a 40 foot focal length and used a 48 inch mirror. Another August 25th event involved his son, John William Herschel. Beginning on August 25, 1835, six articles were published by the New York Sun newspaper describing John Herschel's observation of Moon creatures such as unicorns, bipedal beavers and bat-winged humanoids. The Great Moon Hoax was written by Richard A. Locke to increase circulation for the New York Sun. It wasn't exposed as a hoax for two weeks and no retraction was ever made. Herschel was initially amused by the stories, but grew tired of trying to explain to people he had nothing to do with it or denying the observations to people who believed the hoax. Find out what else occurred on this day in science history. Follow Chemistry on Facebook or Twitter.

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Chemistry: How to Use the Periodic Table

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How to Use the Periodic Table Aug 24th 2011, 09:52 The periodic table of the elements can be incredibly useful for chemistry, especially if you know what information is available and how to use it. The table isn't just for looking up element symbols and atomic weights. You can use it to predict the properties and reactions of the elements, too. How to Use the Periodic Table | Online Periodic Table

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Chemistry: How Blueprints Work

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How Blueprints Work Aug 24th 2011, 08:06 A blueprint is a paper-based reproduction of a drawing, usually a technical drawing, such as an architect or engineer would use. Blueprints use the cyanotype process that was invented by the astronomer John Herschel in 1842. The paper (or vellum or plastic) is coated with a solution of two soluble iron(III) salts - potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (potassium ferricyanide) and iron(III) ammonium citrate. The two iron salts do not react with each other in the dark, but when they are exposed to ultraviolet light the iron(III) ammonium citrate becomes an iron(II) salt. The iron(II) ion reacts with the potassium ferricyanide to form an insoluble blue compound, KFeFe(CN)6·H2O. This compound is blue ferric ferrocyanide, also known as Prussian blue. How Blueprints Are Made A blueprint starts out as a black ink sketch on clear plastic or translucent tracing paper. The ink sketch is laid on top of a sheet of blueprint paper and exposed to ultraviolet light (e.g., placed in sunlight). Where the light strikes the paper, it turns blue. The black ink prevents the area under the drawing from turning blue. After exposure to UV light, the water-soluble chemicals are washed off the blueprint, leaving a white (or whatever color the paper is) drawing on a blue background. The resulting print is light-stable and as permanent as the substrate upon which it is printed. Make Blueprint Paper

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Chemistry: What's Hot Now: Periodic Table of Element Photos - Photos of the Elements - Periodic Table of the Elements

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Periodic Table of Element Photos - Photos of the Elements - Periodic Table of the Elements Aug 24th 2011, 10:02 Click on an element symbol in the periodic table to see a photograph of the element. Unless otherwise noted, these element photos are public domain images that you may save and use. Photos are unavailable for many of the extremely rare man-made radioactive elements. Be sure to visit the standard Periodic Table of the Elements if you need detailed element facts. 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba * 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra ** 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cp 113 Uut 114 Uuq 115 Uup 116 Uuh 117 Uus 118 Uuo 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr Alkali Metal Alkaline Earth Basic Metal Halogen Noble Gas Non Metal Rare Earth Semi-Metal Transition Metal

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Chemistry: What's Hot Now: Element Groups

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Element Groups Aug 24th 2011, 10:02 These are the element groups found in the periodic table of the elements. There are links to lists of elements within each group. 1. Metals Ben Mills Most elements are metals. In fact, so many elements are metals there are different groups of metals, such as alkali metals, alkaline earths, and transition metals. Most metals are shiny solids, with high melting points and densities. Many of the properties of metals, including large atomic radius, low ionization energy, and low electronegativity, are due to the fact that the electrons in the valence shell of a metal atoms can be removed easily. One characteristic of metals is their ability to be deformed without breaking. Malleability is the ability of a metal to be hammered into shapes. Ductility is the ability of a metal to be drawn into wire. Metals are good heat conductors and electrical conductors. 2. Nonmetals U.S. Geological Survey The nonmetals are located on the upper right side of the periodic table. Nonmetals are separated from metals by a line that cuts diagonally through the region of the periodic table. Nonmetals have high ionization energies and electronegativities. They are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity. Solid nonmetals are generally brittle, with little or no metallic luster. Most nonmetals have the ability to gain electrons easily. Nonmetals display a wide range of chemical properties and reactivities. 3. Noble Gases or Inert Gases pslawinski, wikipedia.org The noble gases, also known as the inert gases, are located in Group VIII of the periodic table. The noble gases are relatively nonreactive. This is because they have a complete valence shell. They have little tendency to gain or lose electrons. The noble gases have high ionization energies and negligible electronegativities. The noble gases have low boiling points and are all gases at room temperature. 4. Halogens Greenhorn1, public domain The halogens are located in Group VIIA of the periodic table. Sometimes the halogens are considered to be a particular set of nonmetals. These reactive elements have seven valence electrons. As a group, halogens exhibit highly variable physical properties. Halogens range from solid to liquid to gaseous at room temperature. The chemical properties are more uniform. The halogens have very high electronegativities. Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all elements. The halogens are particularly reactive with the alkali metals and alkaline earths, forming stable ionic crystals. 5. Semimetals or Metalloids Dschwen, wikipedia.org The metalloids or semimetals are located along the line between the metals and nonmetals in the periodic table. The electronegativities and ionization energies of the metalloids are between those of the metals and nonmetals, so the metalloids exhibit characteristics of both classes. The reactivity of the metalloids depends on the element with which they are reacting. For example, boron acts as a nonmetal when reacting with sodium yet as a metal when reacting with fluorine. The boiling points, melting points, and densities of the metalloids vary widely. The intermediate conductivity of metalloids means they tend to make good semiconductors. 6. Alkali Metals Justin Urgitis, wikipedia.org The alkali metals are the elements located in Group IA of the periodic table. The alkali metals exhibit many of the physical properties common to metals, although their densities are lower than those of other metals. Alkali metals have one electron in their outer shell, which is loosely bound. This gives them the largest atomic radii of the elements in their respective periods. Their low ionization energies result in their metallic properties and high reactivities. An alkali metal can easily lose its valence electron to form the univalent cation. Alkali metals have low electronegativities. They react readily with nonmetals, particularly halogens. 7. Alkaline Earths Warut Roonguthai The alkaline earths are the elements located in Group IIA of the periodic table. The alkaline earths possess many of the characteristic properties of metals. Alkaline earths have low electron affinities and low electronegativities. As with the alkali metals, the properties depend on the ease with which electrons are lost. The alkaline earths have two electrons in the outer shell. They have smaller atomic radii than the alkali metals. The two valence electrons are not tightly bound to the nucleus, so the alkaline earths readily lose the electrons to form divalent cations. 8. Basic Metals Foobar, wikipedia.org Metals are excellent electric and thermal conductors, exhibit high luster and density, and are malleable and ductile. 9. Transition Metals Tomihahndorf, wikipedia.org The transition metals are located in groups IB to VIIIB of the periodic table. These elements are very hard, with high melting points and boiling points. The transition metals have high electrical conductivity and malleability and low ionization energies. They exhibit a wide range of oxidation states or positively charged forms. The positive oxidation states allow transition elements to form many different ionic and partially ionic compounds. The complexes form characteristic colored solutions and compounds. Complexation reactions sometimes enhance the relatively low solubility of some compounds. 10. Rare Earths Deglr6328, wikipedia.org The rare earths are metals found in the two rows of elements located below the main body of the periodic table. There are two blocks of rare earths, the lanthanide series and the actinide series. In a way, the rare earths are special transition metals, possessing many of the properties of these elements. 11. Lanthanides JKleo, wikipedia.org The lanthanides are metals that are located in block 5d of the periodic table. The first 5d transition element is either lanthanum or lutetium, depending on how you interpret the periodic trends of the elements. Sometimes only the lanthanides, and not the actinides, are classified as rare earths. Several of the lanthanides form during the fission of uranium and plutonium. 12. Actinides U.S. Department of Energy The electronic configurations of the actinides utilize the f sublevel. Depending on your interpretation of the periodicity of the elements, the series begins with actinium, thorium, or even lawrencium. All of the actinides are dense radioactive metals that are highly electropositive. They tarnish readily in air and combine with most nonmetals.

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